20181210郭信差之閒話家常:下午茶時間

odin

以下是美國, 加拿大引渡法的原文節錄, 原來有幾種情況下被引渡國(加拿大)係可以拒絕引渡國(美國)的引渡要求.

ARTICLE 4

(1)      Extradition shall not be granted in any of the following circumstances:

(i)      When the person whose surrender is sought is being proceeded against, or has been tried and discharged or punished in the territory of the requested State for the offense for which his extradition is requested.

(ii)     When the prosecution for the offense has become barred by lapse of time according to the laws of the requesting State.

(iii)    When the offense in respect of which extradition is requested is of a political character, or the person whose extradition is requested proves that the extradition request has been made for the purpose of trying or punishing him for an offense of the above-mentioned char­acter. If any question arises as to whether a case comes within the provisions of this subparagraph, the authorities of the Government on which the requisition is made shall decide.

(2)      The provisions of subparagraph (iii) of paragraph (1) of this Article shall not be applicable to the following:

(i)      A kidnapping, murder or other assault against the life or physical integrity of a person to whom a Contracting Party has the duty according to international law to give special protection, or any attempt to commit such an offense with respect to any such person.

(ii)     When offense 23 of the annexed Schedule, or an attempt to commit, or a conspiracy to commit, or being a party to the commission of that offense, has been committed on board an aircraft engaged in commer­cial services carrying passengers.



ARTICLE 5

If a request for extradition is made under this Treaty for a person who at the time of such request, or at the time of the commission of the offense for which extradition is sought, is under the age of eighteen years and is con­sidered by the requested State to be one of its residents, the requested State, upon a determination that extradition would disrupt the social readjustment and rehabilitation of that person, may recommend to the requesting State that the request for extradition be withdrawn, specifying the reasons therefor.



ARTICLE 6

When the offense for which extradition is requested is punishable by death under the laws of the requesting State and the laws of the requested State do not permit such punishment for that offense, extradition may be refused unless the requesting State provides such assurances as the requested State considers sufficient that the death penalty shall not be imposed, or, if imposed, shall not be executed.



ARTICLE 7

When the person whose extradition is requested is being proceeded against or is serving a sentence in the territory of the requested State for an offense other than that for which extradition has been requested, his surren­der may be deferred until the conclusion of the proceedings and the full execution of any punishment he may be or may have been awarded.

https://www.oas.org/juridico/mla/en/traites/en_traites-ext-can-usa4.html

odin

其中有幾項條款可令引渡失效, 以下略舉四項例子.

第一, 若果單案已經係加拿大告緊, 又而者被告已因為呢單案喺加拿大判了刑. 美國就可以用同一單為理由引導犯人.

第二, 過了法定追討時間.

第三, 若案件涉及政治性質, 引渡與否則可由被引導國(加拿大) 決定.

第四, 若案件的被告有機會被判死刑, 引渡國要向被引渡國保證, 被告不會被判死刑, 又或者即使判了死刑之後, 也不會執行.

odin

我們不妨又看看一個1992 年的案例. 案中被告涉嫌將高科技設備賣給前蘇聯, 當然是指在蘇聯未倒台之前. 被告在加拿大被捕, 被美國要求引導受審. 而案中控辯雙方最大爭議的法律觀點是: 在引渡生效之前，是否必須確定要求引渡的罪行，不僅要在加拿大的法例中列出, 而且同時間要在美國的法例中列出。 如果要求“雙方法例同時列出”，就會產生一個附屬問題：上訴法院是否對其中一項起訴書（第21751號文件）作出錯誤的指控? 因為其中一項對被告的指控根本就不在美國法例當中.

而被告被加拿大法指控的兩條罪行包括:

被告被控串謀向蘇聯出口高科技設備，並向美國商務部和美國海關總署作出虛假陳述以實施此類出口（文件號21331）。

他還被指控故意和故意設計和參與一項計劃，以欺騙電腦公司其設計和運行其中一台電腦專用資產的權利（文件號21751）。

由於辯方律師質疑這些指不僅需要在加拿大的法例下可構成被引渡的罪行, 而且同時間要在美國的法例下可構成被引渡的罪行, 這次引渡才能生效. 因為第二次指控, 故意和故意設計和參與一項計劃，以欺騙電腦公司其設計和運行其中一台電腦專用資產的權利（文件號21751）在美國根本不構成被引導的罪行。 結果疑犯在加拿大法院中的一審中勝訴, 美國政府向美國法院上訴, 但最後都被駁回.

在上訴的判決書中, 上訴庭表明:     該法案和條約共同確定了一項管理這一引渡程序的計劃。根據該計劃，引渡法官的作用是有限的，但很重要：根據加拿大法律，加拿大的法官可以判斷疑犯的行為是否適用加拿大的“引渡罪”。但加拿大的法官無權判斷疑犯的行為是否同時適用於美國的"引渡罪", 這是美國當局自己的事，與加拿大無關。

https://scc-csc.lexum.com/scc-csc/scc-csc/en/item/935/index.do